An Introduction to Language and Communication 6th Edition Pdf

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• LINGUISTICS

  An Introduction to Language and Communication

  Sixth Edition

  Adrian Akmajian Richard A. Demers Ann K. Farmer Robert M. Harnish

  The MIT Press

  Cambridge, Massachusetts

  London, England

  http://mitpress.mit.edu/0262013754

• ( 2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any

  electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or informa-

  tion storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

  For information about special quantity discounts, please e-mail

  special_sales@mitpress.mit.edu.

  This book was set in Times New Roman on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong.

  Printed and bound in the United States of America.

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Linguistics : an introduction to language and communication / Adrian Akmajian

  . . . [et al.]. — 6th ed.

  p. cm.

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  ISBN 978-0-262-01375-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-262-51370-8

  (pbk. : alk. paper)

  1. Linguistics. I. Akmajian, Adrian.

  P121.A4384 2010

  410—dc22 2009028422

  10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

• Index

  Page references in italics indicate an illustrative figure or table. Underscored page references are to glossary entries.

  Individuals whose works or ideas cited or discussed in this book are listed by last name and first initials. Names of other persons are given in full.

  Distinctive features are listed in square brackets: [a¤ricated].

  Abbreviated questions. See Questions Abbreviated styles. See Language styles Abbreviations, 27–28 acronyms, 27, 59, 300, 579 alphabetic, 27–28, 59, 579 clippings, 28, 300, 581 orthographic, 28, 592 Aboriginal Australian languages, 152 Abstractness of alphabetic representation, 67–68 of phonology, 99 of principles, 11, 68 of syntactic structure, 10, 154 Abstract nouns, 44 ''Accent,'' phonetic representation and, 97– 98

  Accidental overlap. See Chance overlap

  Accusative case pronouns, 169 Acoustic phonetics, 68, 579 Acoustic representations of speech spectrograms, 84–86, 85 waveforms, 67, 68 Acoustic stability, 119–120 Acquisition. See Language acquisition Acrolects, 299 Acronyms, 27, 59, 300, 579 Adam's apple. See Larynx Adams, V., 63 Adequacy of definitions, 18 of representations, 15–17, 73–74, 151, 178, 183–184

  Adjective Agreement rule of Old English, 342

  Adjective phrases, 216 Adjectives, 22, 231 Adverb phrases, 200 Adverbs, 22 sentential, 199–200 VP, 200–201 A‰xes, 20, 91, 423, 424, 579 -able, 38–42, 47, 48–50, 341 closed-class character, 25 derivational (see Derivational a‰xes) derivational and inflectional, contrasted, 45–48 derivational and inflectional, relative order, 46, 47, 62–63, 499–500 -ed (past tense su‰x), 145–146, 497 -en, 60 -er (agentive su‰x), 38, 43 infixes, 20–21 inflectional, 45–48 -ing, 47–48 -ion, 39, 44 -ize, 62–63 prefixes, 20 re-, 61–62 -s (plural su‰x) (see Plural su‰x -s) -ski/-sky (slang su‰x), 302 su‰xes, 20 un-, 60–61 used as evidence for part-of-speech class, 21–22 -y/-ie (diminutive su‰x), 42

• A‰x-Hopping, 211 [a¤ricate], 117, 579 A¤ricates, 76, 79, 117, 579 lateral, 118–119 African American Vernacular English. See

  Inner-City English (ICE) African languages clicks, 87–88 labiovelar stops, 120 tone, 142 Afro-Asiatic language family, 344 Agentive nouns, 38 Agents, 167 Agraphia, 560, 562 Agree/disagree answer systems, 248 Agreement in gender, 168 in number, 168, 217 in person, 168 between subject and tag pronoun, 168 between subject and verb, 217–218 Aijmer, K., 412 Airflow, 69–71, 116–117 in a¤ricates, 117, 124 in clicks, 88 in fricatives, 77 ingressive, 120 in laterals, 117 in liquids, 80 in nasals, 79, 117 in stops, 75, 93 in vowels, 81 Akimel O'odham, and Tohono O'odham,

  dialects or languages, 277 Akmajian, A., 221, 412 Algeo, J., 353 Algonquian, 317, 318–319, 336 Algorithms, 465, 579 Allan, K., 266 Allophones, 95–99, 125, 579 of /I/, 99 of /k/, 112–113 of /l/, 94–95, 106 of /¤/, 94, 106 of /t/, 92–94, 95 Alphabetic abbreviation, 27–28, 59, 579 Alphabets, 67, 106, 576–577 Cyrillic, 278 Greek, 109, 576 International Phonetic (IPA), 75, 86, 88, 95, 107, 588

  Roman, 278 Alston, W., 266, 412–413 Altaic language family, 344 Alter, K., 559 Alternations, 19, 579 Altmann, G., 468 Alveolar ridge, 73, 75, 78, 80, 81, 94, 579

  Alveolar speech sounds, 77, 87, 91, 111, 117, 119–120, 579

  Alveopalatal speech sounds, 78, 91, 94, 117, 118, 579

  Ambiguity, 235, 262, 263, 264, 266, 580. See also Polysemy lexical, 153, 235, 435–436, 589 resolving (disambiguation), 368–369, 375, 435–436 structural, 152–154, 181, 188, 216, 239, 375, 597 of use, 254–255, 265 American English. See also Inner-City English (ICE); Standard American English (SAE) /¤/, 99, 107 aspiration, 97–98 Boston/New England use of /a/, 86–87 consonants, 75–81, 76, 92–95 flapping, 93–94 number of phonemes, 87 vowels, 81–87, 82, 85 American Sign Language (ASL), 580 acquisition by children, 508 attempts to teach to nonhuman primates, 511–517, 524 slips of the hand, 423 Amharic, 16–17, 344 Amplitude, 67, 68 Analytic processing of stimuli, 544, 545 Anaphora and coreference, 55, 63–64, 221, 267, 461, 484, 580 and sentence structure, 206–208 binding principles, 520–522 morphological anaphora, 55–56 Anaphoric relations, 257–259 Anaphors, 520, 521 Anatomy brain, 532–533, 534–538 and vocal production, 69–73 Ancient Greek. See Greek Anderson, A., 266 Anderson, J., 468 Anglo-Saxon. See Old English Angular gyrus, 533, 537, 551 Anomaly, 235–236, 555–558, 580 Anomia, 549, 550–551 Answerhood conditions, 233, 249 Answer systems for yes/no questions, 247– 248

  Antecedent noun phrases, 257 [anterior], 117, 580 Anticipation, 423 Anticipatory assimilation, 495–496, 580 Antonymy, 237–238, 266, 337–338 Anttila, R., 353 AP. See Adjective phrases Apex. See Tongue, tip (apex)

  602 Index

• Aphasia, 25, 468, 531, 532, 533, 534, 543, 546, 580 anomic, 549, 550–551 Broca's, 532, 547–548, 563 conduction, 550 graphic, 560, 562 Wernicke's, 532, 548–550 Apical speech sounds, 117, 580 Appropriateness. See Contextual appropriateness

  Arabic, 30, 344, 345 Arbitrariness of sound-meaning pairing, 17–18 compositionality and, 50 language change and, 320 Archangeli, D., 146 Arcuate fasciculus, 549–550 Argot, 300, 580 Arlotto, A., 353 Armstrong, S., 447, 450 Arnovick, L., 412 Arono¤, M., 63 Articles, 23–24, 171, 197, 297, 423, 424, 580 Articulation, 75–88, 580 distinctive features and, 114 manner of (see Manner of articulation) overlapping (see Coarticulation) place of (see Place of articulation) Articulatory phonetics, 68, 107, 580 Artificial intelligence, 430, 462 Arytenoid cartilages, 72 Ash (symbol), 83 Asher, N., 413 Aspiration, 92, 96, 97–98, 124, 580 Aspiration Rule, 97–98, 123–124, 127–128 contrastive (phonemic) in Hindi, 98 Assertion, 233, 239, 248–249 Assimilation, 110, 125, 580 anticipatory, 495–496, 580 perseverative, 496, 593 Associative thought, 543 Assymetry in brain function, 545, 546–547, 558–560, 564

  Atlas, J., 413 Attentiveness Hypothesis, 453 Attributive use of definite descriptions, 255, 265, 266–267, 580

  Audibility, 122 Auditory association cortex. See Wernicke's area

  Auditory rhyme detection tasks, 439 Austin, G., 468 Austin, J. L., 363, 393, 397, 411, 412 Australian languages, 152 Austro-Asiatic language family, 344 Austronesian, 344, 350 Autonomy of modules, 430, 440 Auxiliaries. See Verbs

  Avramides, A., 413 Aztec. See also Classical Nahuatl English borrowings from, via Spanish, 29– 30, 336

  Babbling, 486–487, 513 Bach, Johann Sebastian, pronunciation of name, 90

  Bach, K., 253, 403, 412, 413 [back], 113, 118, 119, 125, 581 Backformation, 43–44, 581 Back speech sounds, 81, 82, 85, 112–113, 581

  Baker, C. L., 221 Baltic language family, 325 Balto-Slavic language family, 325 Barred-i (symbol), 84 Basal ganglia, 539, 564 Base morphemes, 19, 44, 46–47, 50–51, 581 Base structures. See Derivation, syntactic Basilects, 299 Basque, 343 Bates, E., 506 Bats, 563 Battan, P., 337 Battig, W., 445 Baugh, A., 353 Baugh, J., 308 Bayley, R., 308 be (verb) contraction, 101–103, 283, 291 deletion, 282–284, 288–289, 291, 308 invariant, 283–284 reduction, 283 Behaviorism, 427, 482–486 Bellugi, U., 423 Bellwood, P., 350, 353 Berko, J., 498 Bever, T., 435, 436–437, 455, 461, 466, 468, 469, 545

  Bezuidenhout, A., 267, 469 Bickerton, D., 295, 299–300, 308 Bilabial speech sounds, 75, 76, 87, 117, 581 Binarity, of distinctive features in SPE system, 114

  Binding, 408, 520–522, 525. See also Anaphora and coreference

  Biolinguistics, 531–532, 565, 581 Biological determination. See Innateness Bird communication systems, 313, 563 Bishop, D., 565 Black English. See Inner-City English (ICE) Blade. See Tongue Blakemore, D., 412 Blasko, D. G., 469 Blends, 28, 302, 423, 581 Bloom, L., 525 Bloom, P., 439, 525

  603 Index

• Bloomfield, L., 63 Blumstein, S., 107 Bock, K., 421, 422, 468 Bomhard, A., 353 Bonobos, 517–518, 525 Bonto Igorot, infixes, 20–21 Bookin, H. G., 454 Borden, G., 107 Borg, E., 267, 413 Borrowings, 29–30, 90, 296, 305–306, 581 not evidence of genetic relationship, 316, 317–318

  and phonotactics, 104, 130 Boston-area use of /a/, 86–87 Bott, L., 469 Bound morphemes, 20–21, 44, 50–51, 548,

  581 Bowerman, M., 525 Box diagra

An Introduction to Language and Communication 6th Edition Pdf

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