The Dominant Family of Renaissance Florence Was the
 | The Renaissance |
The Renaissance 1350-1550
The Renaissance began in the city-states of Italy in the mid-1300s. The urban center-state of Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, which ways "rebirth" in French. During this time, Italians, living closer to the Middle East and Hellenic republic, were introduced to archetype literature and philosophy, similar the Iliad and the Odyssey, also every bit the works of ancient philosophers like Plato. These texts were preserved by the Byzantines and Arabs of the Middle East.
Humanism was born during the Renaissance. The Middle Ages had always been an age of organized religion and fate. Now, after reading the ancient philosophers, some people in Italy began to remember that great things were possible through individual achievement, this is what is chosen the Humanist movement. Francesco Petrarch was an early on humanist who studied the ancient texts for inspiration. Humanism immune arts and literature to reach new heights during this time.
Italian city-states, AD 1491
Giotto's Adoration of the Magi
One of the most important achievements of the Renaissance was the promotion of the arts. Wealthy businessmen became patrons and supported the efforts of diverse artists. During the early Renaissance, the painter Giotto (1266-1337) used perspective (shading) to create life-similar paintings. Before Giotto, the Byzantine, two-dimensional style was the norm. Although these paintings look lifeless, it was the religious message behind the painting that was considered important, not the fine art. Giotto rejected this thought and painted it with realism. Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo would follow Giotto and are the best-known artists from this period.
Feudalism began to crumble during the Late Centre Ages, as stiff kings seized power from their vassals. The Black Plague had wiped out many of the vassals, and their power weakened. King Ferdinand of Aragon married Queen Isabella of Castile, uniting the ii kingdoms into one super-kingdom of Espana. In French republic, King Louis 11 divided and conquered his vassals, while in England, out of the ashes of the Wars of the Roses, Henry Tudor united the Houses of York and Lancaster. Knowing that the English people sought peace, Henry married off his sons and daughters to the ruling families of other countries, including Scotland and Spain. People began to go out feudal lands, heading to cities where they formed guilds. A guild is a group of people who do the same blazon of work, like making clothes.
The Roman Catholic Church too began to lose its power equally church building officials bickered. At i indicate there were even two popes at the aforementioned fourth dimension, each one claiming to be the true Pope. During the Renaissance, men began to challenge some of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church building. An Englishman, named John Wycliffe, was ane of the early on challengers. Wycliffe felt the Church should be poor, similar the early apostles of Jesus. Wycliffe too believed that the Bible should be translated into English, then people could empathize its message.
Wycliffe's reforms fabricated little difference, but in the early on 16th century, a homo named Martin Luther changed the Church forever. Luther, a Roman Cosmic priest in Germany, posted 95 poor practices of the church building on the door of a church building in Germany. This document was called the 95 theses and was meant to point out how the Church could be improved. One of the issues he saw was the selling of indulgences. An indulgence is a pardon or forgiveness for a sin that a person has committed. Pope Leo Ten at the time was selling indulgences to raise money to build a grand new church building in Rome. An advance in technology that helped to spread the message of Martin Luther was the invention of the moveable-blazon printing press by Johannes Gutenberg. Gutenberg, a German language, created the printing that used movable type pieces for characters, rather than woodcuts of entire pages that had been used in presses in the past. Moveable-type fabricated books faster and these books were less expensive than books made from woodcuts.
The Reformation
Martin Luther started a movement called the Reformation. Many people tried to reform the Church building during the 1500s. When Pope Leo Ten ordered Luther'due south writings burned, many people sided with Luther and decided to interruption abroad from the Roman Catholic Church building. These interruption-away Christians are called Protestants because they were protesting the practices of the Catholic Religion. All Protestants accept one thing in common, they refuse to follow the Pope. Lutherans are the Protestant group that follows the teachings of Martin Luther. The Protestant motility divided Western European Christians into Catholic and Protestant. Wars followed between Catholic and Protestant nations, besides as attempts to convert the people of the New World to each blazon of faith. The discovery of the New Earth past Europeans was a result of exploring and sailing to detect faster and safer trade routes to Asia than the long and dangerous land routes. The well-nigh successful movement by Catholics to stop the tide of the Reformation was called the Jesuit motility. The Jesuits spread the Cosmic faith to people in Asia and Latin America. The Jesuits nevertheless be today, Mcquaid High School, in Rochester, is a Jesuit school.
The ideas of the Renaissance arrived concluding to England, simply following the Reformation, Rex Henry VIII of England decided to pause away from the Cosmic Church, creating the Anglican (English) Church. Henry believed in a national church without interference from the Pope in Rome. The Pope at the fourth dimension refused to grant Henry VIII the divorce he needed from his first married woman, Catherine of Aragon, to remarry, in hopes of having a son and heir to the throne. Had it not been for Martin Luther and the Protestant movement, we are left to wonder whether Henry Eight would take been so bold as to have England leave the Catholic faith, and make an enemy of Kingdom of spain, the powerful Catholic state of his first wife.
England's writer, William Shakespeare, contributed great works during the Renaissance. His plays and poems are still read today and form the basis of many modern moving-picture show themes. Shakespeare wrote in the belatedly 1500s and early on 1600s, during the time of England's Queen Elizabeth I, Henry Eight's girl. Romeo and Juliet may be his most recognizable play.
Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory
Views on science were also changing during the Renaissance. The Cosmic Church had always accepted the findings of the aboriginal Hellenistic Greek named Ptolemy, that the earth was the centre of the universe, and all the planets, moon, Lord's day, and stars revolve around the stationary earth. This theory is called the geocentric, or globe-centered, theory. Nicolas Copernicus (from Poland) challenged this theory, he was convinced that the planets, including earth, revolved around the sun, and that the earth spun in its centrality. Knowing that his findings would be unpopular, Copernicus waited until he was dying to publish his work called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543. In the 1600s, a human named Galileo, using a telescope saw that the planet Venus showed phases similar to the moon, proving that it revolved around the Sunday. This supported Copernicus' Heliocentric, or Sun-centered, theory. For his findings, Galileo was sent to prison.
1 important fact to consider apropos the Renaissance is that only the wealthy took part in the advances and learning of the fourth dimension; for the poor and the majority of people, life connected on as information technology always had, with people working hard, with little time or money to enjoy the benefits of art and literature.
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- The Renaissance Scavenger Hunt
Mr. Giotto's Site
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Source: https://www.penfield.edu/webpages/jgiotto/onlinetextbook.cfm?subpage=1512314
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